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《常考初三的英语语法知识点》

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初三的英语学习是单词和语法的综合,你必须要把单词和语法一起拿下,考试的时候才能获得一个好分数。下面小编为大家带来常考初三的英语语法知识点,希望大家喜欢!

初三英语语法知识点

被动语态的动词

主动语态比被动语态直接而有力,多用主动语态,可以使文章充满朝气,呈现活力。在下列两组句子中, (b)比(a)有力:

(1) a.My first visit to New Zealand will always be remembered by me.

b. I will always remember my first visit to New Zealand.

(2) a.The crowing of cocks could be heard at dawn.

b. The cocks' crow came with dawn.

虽然如此,在某些情况下,非用被动语态不可。前此已提过这事,这里不再重述。这里只有指出其中一点,就是有些动词,如 "base, schedule, expect, suppose" 等,通常以被动语态形式出现。

例如:

(1)This survey was based on facts.

(2)The last train is scheduled to leave at 9pm.

(3)You are expected to come on time.

(4)All are supposed to work hard.

除了上述这些动词之外,还有十种,几乎都以被动式出现。

(一)有关“疾病”的动词,如:

(1)Helen's left lung is infected.

(2)He is confined to the house by illness.

(3)The old man was seized with sudden chest pains.

(二)有关“疲乏”的动词,如:

(4) I am completely exhausted after the game.

(5)Tom was done up after the race.

(三)有关“喜乐”的动词,如:

(6)The children were fascinated by the toys.

(7)We were delighted to hear the good news.

(8) I am very pleased to see you here.

(四)有关“延迟”或“障碍”的动词,如:

(9)The workers were held up by the heavy rain.

(10)The road was blocked by ice.

(11)The train was delayed by 30 minutes.

(五)有关“惯性动作”的动词,如:

(12)Tom is addicted to smoking.

(13)Foreign workers are quite used to hard work.

(六)有关“烦恼”或“焦急”的动词,如:

(14)Who was upset by John?

(15)Mother was annoyed to know this.

(七)有关“惊奇”或“震惊”的动词,如:

(16) I was surprised to see him here.

(17)All were shocked to hear the bad news.

(八)有关“包围”的动词,如:

(18)The troops were surrounded.

(19)Troy was besieged.

(九)有关“沾污”或“污化”的动词,如:

(20)Judy's reputation is tarnished.

(21)The water was contaminated with oil.

(十)有关“害怕”或“混乱”的动词,如:

(22)All were frightened out of their wits.

(23)He was puzzled about what to do next.

要注意的一点是,上面这十类动词有些已渐渐失去了动词力量,转化为惯用语。

初三英语常考的语法知识点

所谓垂悬结构(The Dangling Construction)就是一个句子成分,如分词短语,不定式动词短语等,找不到被修饰的主语或被修饰的对象不合逻辑。垂悬结构是种错误的句法,应该避免。

下面是三种常见的垂悬结构及其改正方法

⒈垂悬分词或分词短语,如:

① Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.

这句子里的现在分词短语(present participial phrase)修饰主语“several boars”是错的;改正方法有二:

(a)确定是逻辑主语,使句子变成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”

(b)把现在分词短语扩大为副词分句(也称状语从句):“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”

⒉垂悬副词短语,如:

② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.

这句的副词短语(adverb phrase)和主语“the fish”有什么逻辑关系呢?真正的逻辑主语应该是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才对。改正方法和例①同:

(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.

(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.

⒊垂悬不定式动词短语,如:

③ To write well, a lot of practice is needed.

④ To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.

这两个句子的不定式动词短语(infinitive phrases)并不能修饰“practice”和“a sense of belonging”,真正的主语必须是“ 人”,如:

(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.

(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.

上述三类垂悬结构中,第一类发生的频率最高,必须注意。但是在下列三种情况下,分词短语是对的,它们并非垂悬结构:

第一,独立结构(The Absolute Construction,见3月7日《中英合谈》)中的分词短语有自己的主语,所以不是垂悬结构。例如:

① Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.

第二,当分词含有介词或连词性质时,它不需要逻辑主语,所以没有垂悬问题存在。例如:

② Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.

③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.

第三,当分词短语是用来表示说话者的态度或意见时,也不需要逻辑主语,因此也不存在着垂悬问题。例如:

④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.

⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.

初三英语语法知识点总结归纳

下面这则广告中的形容词“irresistable”里的后缀( suffix)不对,应该把“-able”改为“-ible”:

“We offer: competitive monthly salary, weekly incentives, attractive transport allowance, incentive trips and irresistable performance bonus.”

到底是“-able”,还是“-ible”?这两者有何不同?

现在先从形容词的其他后缀谈起。

形容词后缀分两大类。一类是加到名词上的;另一类是加到动词上的。

㈠加到名词上的主要有:① -y,如:bloody, dirty, healthy, juicy, muddy; ② -ly,如:costly, friendly, lovely, orderly, timely;③ -ful,如:careful, faithful, helpful, peaceful, useful;④ -less,如:careless, harmless, noiseless, senseless, useless;⑤ -ous/-ious,如:dangerous; courageous, envious, mysterious;⑥ -al/-tal/-ial/-tial,如:accidental, horizontal, colonial, influential;⑦ -ic/-etic/-atic,如:artistic, sympathetic, systematic;⑧ -ish,如:childish, foolish, selfish;⑨ -like,如: life-like, business-like, war-like;⑩ -ed/-en,如:skilled, horned, golden, wooden.

㈡加到动词上的有:① -ent/-ant,如:dependent, different, observant, pleasant;② -able/-ible,如: agreeable, comfortable, defensible, sensible;③ -ive/-tive/-ative/-itive,如:active, attentive, imaginative, sensitive;④ -ed/-en,如:advanced, noted, stolen, swollen;⑤ -ing,如:annoying, disgusting, entertaining.

-able/ible 出现在第二类后缀中,“-able”后缀的形容词属英语体系的字:“-ible”后缀的形容词则来自拉丁体系。前者数量大,后者数量少,主要的是下面这些,可以特别留意:

accessible, apprehensible, audible, compatible, contemptible, convertible, corrigible, destructible, digestible, divisible, defensible, edible, eligible, exhaustible, fallible, feasible, flexible, forcible, horrible, illegible, intelligible, negligible, perceptible, possible, responsible, resistible, sensible, suspectible, tangible, terrible, visible.

现在顺便把名词、动词和副词主要后缀提出,作为参考:

⑴名词后缀

-ment, -t, -ture, -ion/-ition, -al, -ance, -ent, -er, -ant 等。这些名词后缀都要加到适当的动词上,如:arrangement, restraint, fixture, celebration, extension, competition, renewal, assistance, resident, exporter, attendant.

-ness, -y/-ty/-ity, -th, -ce/-cy 等,可以加到适当的形容词上如:darkness, kindness, honesty, loyalty, simplicity, truth, warmth, importance, absence, ungency, efficiency.

⑵动词后缀:

加到名词上的有 -en, -ise/-ize, -fy, -ate,如:frighten, apologise, beautify, motivate.

加到形容词上的有 -ise/-ize, -en,如:modernise, realise, brighten, weaken.

⑶副词后缀:

-ly,可以加到形容词和某些名词上,如:beautifully, clearly, leisurely, weekly.

每个后缀都有一定的意思,但不能脱离词根独立生存,这点要特别注意,以免犯错。


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