《英文语法难到底难在哪，怎么解决?》

　　英语语法老是出错，认识到为什么学生犯这些错误是非常重要的。我们需要设计和利用一些活动来支持学生，帮助他们克服母语迁移中出现的这些问题。小编在这里整理了相关知识，快来学习学习吧!

　　英文语法难到底难在哪，怎么解决?

　　1

　　Parts of Speech 词性

　　In English there are several parts of speech:

　　在英文中，常见的词性有以下几种：

　　Noun 名词

　　Pronoun 代词

　　Adjective 形容词

　　Verb 动词

　　Adverb 副词

　　Preposition 介词

　　Conjunction 连词

　　Interjection 感叹词

　　Article 冠词

　　Quite often the word will change if it changes it’s function to another part of speech. For example, ‘honesty’ noun, ‘honest’ adjective, and ‘honestly’ adverb.

　　如果一个单词要改变词性，那么这个词通常会改变其形态。例如诚实的名词是‘honesty’，诚实的形容词‘honest’，以及诚实的副词‘honestly’，其形式在英文中都不尽相同。

　　This is not always the case:

　　但这并非总是如此：

　　‘Many English words can belong to more than one part of speech. Words like neigh, break, outlaw, laser, microwave, and telephone might all be either verbs or nouns. In certain circumstances, even words with primarily grammatical functions can be used as verbs or nouns, as in, "We must look to the hows and not just the whys.’

　　许多英语单词可以拥有多个词性。像neigh (马叫; 马嘶声)，break(休息; 休息的时间)，outlaw (逍遥法外; 逍遥法外的人)，laser (激光; 发出激光)，microwave (微波; 使用微波加热)和 telephone (电话; 打电话)这样的词，都可以作为动词或名词来使用。在某些情况下，即使是有重要语法功能的单词也可以用作动词或名词，如“ We must look to the hows and not just the whys.”

　　https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech

　　In Chinese however, these classifications are even less formally distinguished. Depending on context the word form can stay the same, but have different structural functions. This can make it difficult for student to remember the different word forms in the different parts of speech classifications. Also, the word form may need to change to fulfil the function of the word in the sentence.

　　然而，在中文中，这些词性的分类就更加模糊。根据上下文的语言环境，单词的形式可以保持不变，但却具有不同的结构功能。这会让学生难以记住不同词性的分类下单词的不同形式。此外，在一句话中，单词可能需要变形来实现它的功能。

　　以下举例变形错误的例子：

　　‘She likes to walk’

　　‘I have not son.’

　　‘He is not doubt about the correct of his a argument.’

　　‘It is very difficulty to convince him.’

　　Jung Chung, Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and other Problems (Cambridge Handbooks for Language Teachers) 2nd Edition

　　2

　　Verb Forms 动词形式

　　In English there are only two true tenses which are shown below:

　　在英语中，其实只有两个真正的时态。如下所示：

　　Tenses: Present, Past.

　　Aspects: Simple, Perfect, Progressive, Perfect Progressive

　　Voices: Active, Passive

　　时态：现在，过去。

　　语体：一般，完成，进行，完成进行

　　语态：主动，被动

　　Quite often for teaching purposes they are regarded as different tenses due their relationship with time.

　　为了实现教学目的，它们通常会根据时间关系而被看做不同的时态。

　　In English verbs are only inflected in the past and present tenses. For example, In the third person verbs are inflected ‘go’ and ‘goes. In the past tense ‘eat’ changes to ‘ate’ or ‘eaten’. There is no future tense as modal verbs are used to show the futurity not the verb inflected e.g. ‘I will (modal) eat (verb in it’s base form) later.’

　　在英语中，动词仅会随着过去时态和现在时态而产生屈折变化。例如，在第三人称单数情况下，“去”这个动词从“go”变为“goes”。在过去时态中，“吃”这个动词由“eat”变为“ate”或“eaten”。英文中之所以没有将来的时态，是因为情态动词被用来表示未来，所以动词就不受影响，保持原有形态，例如“I will (情态动词) eat(动词原形)later. ”

　　Chinese unlike English is a non-inflected language. This can cause several difficulties for the learner:

　　汉语与英语不同，不是一种屈折语。这会给学习者带来一些困难：

　　1、Subject verb agreement 主谓一致

　　She like eating fruit.

　　She likes eating fruit.

　　2、Irregular verb forms 不规则动词

　　I flied to America last week.

　　I flew to America last week.

　　3、Complex verb forms 复合动词

　　The boy was hurting in the accident.

　　The boy was hurt in the accident.

　　3

　　Time, Tense and Aspect 时间、时态和体

　　As mentioned before Chinese doesn't conjugate verbs to show time. Also, aspects can be confusing. For example, the present perfect can be misleading as one function is to relate an event in the past to the present. The learners particularly struggle when to use the simple past tense and the present perfect simple.

　　如前所述，中文里不会改变动词形态来显示时间。而且，体也是让人困惑的另一个概念。例如，学习现在完成时的时候，学生可能会产生误解，因为它其中一个功能就是将过去发生的事件与现在联系起来。尤其是在学习何时应该使用一般过去时和现在完成时的时候，学生会非常困扰。

　　For example:

　　例如：

　　I have seen the movie two days ago.

　　I saw the movie two days ago.

　　And with time markers the present simple continuous can be used with future meaning.

　　这种困扰也体现在用一般现在时去描述未来的事件。

　　There is a party tonight.

　　Continuous or progressive tenses can cause problems for Chinese learners.

　　有时，利用时间标志词，现在进行时可以表示未来。

　　I’m playing football tomorrow.

　　Continuous or progressive tenses can cause problems for Chinese learners.

　　因此，进行时态对于中国的英语学习者来说，是一个问题。

　　What do you listen to?

　　What are you listening to?

　　4

　　Verb Patterns 动词类型

　　Transitive and intransitive verbs can cause problems.

　　及物动词和不及物动词有时也会造成困难。

　　‘A transitive verb is one that is used with an object: a noun, phrase, or pronoun that refers to the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb.’

　　“及物动词是可以与宾语一起使用的动词，例如：名词，短语或代词，指的是受动词动作影响的人或事物。”

　　In the following sentences, admire, maintain, face, and love are transitive verbs:

　　在下面的句子中，admire, maintain, face, 和love都是及物动词：

　　I admire your courage.

　　We need to maintain product quality.

　　An intransitive verb does not have an object. In the following sentences, cry, work, laugh, and talk are intransitive verbs:

　　不及物动词没有宾语， 在下列句子里， cry, work, laugh, 和 talk 都是不及物动词：

　　The baby was crying.

　　I work for a large firm in Paris.

　　https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs

　　Learners can use them incorrectly.

　　学习者通常会错误使用。

　　‘He married with a charming girl.’

　　‘She talked a few words with one of the passengers’

　　Jung Chung, Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and other Problems (Cambridge Handbooks for Language Teachers) 2nd Edition

　　This is made more difficult by the fact some verbs can be both.

　　事实上，更难的是有些动词既可以同时作及物动词， 也可以做不及物动词。

　　https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs

　　The verb form can cause problems as well.

　　不同动词的形式也会产生问题。

　　I am boring.

　　I am bored.

　　used the present participle instead of the past participle

　　应使用过去分词，却用了现在分词

　　I forgot bringing your food.

　　I forgot to bring your food.

　　used the present participle instead of the infinitive+to

　　应使用动词to do不定式，却用了现在分词

　　He’s used to get up early.

　　He’s used to getting up early.

　　used the infinitive + to, instead of a gerund

　　应使用动名词形式，却用了动词to do不定式

　　In conclusion, as teachers is important to realize why students are making these errors. We need to design and use activities which provide the students with support to help them overcome these issues from L1 transfer.

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